So, if there's an IFOV of 0.2 milliradians/pixel and design engineers have a 10001000-pixel image sensor aka "focal plane array," they would have an overall FOV of 0.20.2 . Interesting how is pixel size defined? I think the important issue is the affect of angle of view in the images. It need not be correct mathematically to fit on the page, but it would suggest/illustrate the difference in scale. Earth observation (EO) from space is important for resource monitoring and management. Download scientific diagram | 4: Schematics showing (A) relationship of IFOV and FOV and (B) concept of IFOV from publication: MGY-002 REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGE INTERPRETATION SENSORS AND SPACE . A short focal length delivers a very wide angle of view, hence the term wide angle lens. The sensor width doesnt change, pi doesnt change, focal length doesnt change Im not sure why you think AOV is changing if you rotate the camera. Only general features such as street patterns, waterways, and bridges can be identified in the left-hand image. The difference between highlights and shadows in a . Glad you found it interesting! This is definitely food for thought. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Your head is aligned so that the center point of the window is aligned with the center point between your eyes. The size of the area viewed is determined by multiplying the IFOV by the distance from the ground to the sensor (C). AOV describes the lens and just like saying that an f/2.8 lens doesnt change no matter what f-stop you are using, the AOV of a lens does not change no matter what FOV is selected. stirring up trouble with childe. The frequent coverage would also allow for areas covered by clouds on one date, to be filled in by data collected from another date, reasonably close in time. The creation of an accurately classified point cloud usually requires tremendous input from manual annotation. However, they also include the angle of view for both full frame lenses, and APS-C lenses (see example below), which is contrary to the usually excellently researched content on Photography Life which says that AOV for a lens is constant, and only FOV changes based on sensor size. If the feature is smaller than this, it may not be detectable as the average brightness of all features in that resolution cell will be recorded. While this might simplify the calculation to a general rule of thumb, I have noted that this factor does not hold true for all FLIR models. If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? Thus its a consideration in choosing focal lengths of camera lenses. aperture 4, F-stop f/4, exposure time 1/100 sec. Noise is produced by detectors, electronics and digitization, amongst other things. IFOV, or Instantaneous Field of View (otherwise known as Spatial Resolution), is the smallest detail within the FOV that can be detected or seen at a set distance. Turns out, in order to match spec from Nikon of a 20mm FF sensor, you NEED to know the diagonal because they measure it with the diagonal. But i can say, from year 2018 beginning, i started noticing AOV of the lenses in its specification, especially when i looked into buying higher focal length. And, you could show that the lens is focused to infinity. You will not receive a reply. Once again, taken in a vacuum, this sounds like a perfectly excellent way to define both terms, but it does contradict other sources and I struggled to find anywhere else that suggested that particular pair of definitions. If looking at a lens irregardless of sensor or film, the correct term for what the lens can transmit is angle of coverage a term that large format photographers have to use when describing a lens capabilities unrelated to the back plane. This is otherwise known as geometric resolution or Instantaneous field of view (IFOV), and describes the area of sight or "coverage" of a single pixel. How much do you have to change something to avoid copyright. FOV refers to the scene to be captured which infers focus a specific distance from the camera, consequently FOV has as a component the distance to the plane of focus. AOV is fairly straight forward but misused and FOV is ambiguous and misused. The astronaut might see your whole province or country in one glance, but couldn't distinguish individual houses. Figure 1 illustrates the significance of instantaneous field-of view (IFOV) in determining the quality of image data. Thank you so much for taking the time to explain all this. What affects FOV and IFOV There are two main factors which determine the FOV in both vertical and horizontal axis direction. Contents 1 Humans and animals 2 Conversions 3 Machine vision 4 Tomography 5 Remote sensing 6 Astronomy See Multispectral Scanner for sample usage. The Wikipedia entry for field of view starts with the first line For the same phenomenon in photography, see Angle of view which certainly seems to indicate that the two are interchangeable. Its much more practical for me to know how much of that 360 degrees can be viewed horizontally through a specific lens. eg "The Canon 35mm lens has an angular field of view of 54.4 degrees and a linear field of view of 103ft at 1000yds". Table 1: Equations for MTF and two Figure of Merit (FOM) measures. daniyal rustam Follow Advertisement Advertisement Recommended Data acquisition Platforms Sumant Diwakar 3.2k views 6 slides Remote Sensing Platforms and Its types Senthamizhan M 1.4k views 37 slides On the other hand, one may identify high-contrast objects smaller than the IGFOV, such as roads and railways, because of their linear structure. The linear array is made up of a number of detectors, which are optically isolated (Figure 2). range of sensing, wider bands - Multispectral scanners: 0.3-14 m, more (and . & BTW, I remember Whistler, where your bio says you live before there was any resort, just a dirt parking lot for a roadside cafe. I was doing some programming today to get the angular field of view i attempted the equation without knowing the diagonal. The width? In my opinion, the FOV changes with respect to its sensor size of the camera. The longer the focal length (e.g. This action results them to keep lenses operate at its widest aperture of the lens manufacturer and rarely they narrow down if there is very much bright light available at that area/land. A Review of the Terminologies Used and its Interpretation. Thanks. The size of the area viewed is determined by multiplying the IFOV by the distance from the ground to the sensor (C). Thank you for you well researched presentation. Different lenses of equal focal length will always have the same angle of view when used with the same-size sensor. A measure of the spatial resolution of a remote sensing imaging system. However its good to hear different views, and they have been food for thought. No I am afraid explaining the math would only repulse most folks (sorry). . 2- iFOV = FOV / # of pixels = 18.18 degrees / 640 pixels = 0.0284 degrees = 0.495 Milliradian. This means that spatial resolution will vary from the image centre to the swath edge. Which among the following is considered as Ifov? Thank you! Within the transparency frame one might draw the various (sensor) formats and see what happens when placing one of the knitting pens to the other sizes of the recording surface. *FOV is a property resulted from a combination of the characteristics of a lens and the film/sensor format. Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange! Practical example: - What is needed to carry out remote sensing activities? FOV is measured at the location of the subject and is measured in feet, meters, inches or furlongs. Currently, while mathematically correct, it is too abstract. Changing the focal length changes the angle of view. I would personally recommend that thermographers use this method to determine the spot measurement size of their thermal imager. You have explained these concepts much better than my university profs :/ Although, the equation that I was given for angle of view actually incorporates the pixel size {AOV = 2*arctan((sensor width/2*pixel size)/focal length)} any ideas where the differences may stem from? The IFOV can be measured in one of the two ways, (i) by measuring angle "a"and (ii) by measuring the distance XY on the ground. Move the crossing point to the focal distance of which you want to measure the angle of view. Copy the URL below or share it on your social media of choice. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. If you want to add clarity to the term, limit its use to the lens specification and remove the reference to distance. You might also show the Angle of view caption on the opposite side of the lens (the space in front of the sensor) as it refers to what is captured at infinity rather than what the lens is transmitting. By submitting a comment this form also collects your name, email and IP address so that we can prevent spam. An incorrect spot measurement size (ie being larger than the target being imaged) will typically understate the temperature if the target is hotter than the background, as the imager will average both the target and background temperatures. It is usually given as a single number, e.g. Answer 2: A satellite sensor with large area coverage and fairly coarse spatial resolution would be excellent for monitoring the general state of vegetation health over Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. A low altitude imaging instrument will have a higher spatial resolution than a higher altitude instrument with the same IFOV. The image enhances the spectral differences between bands. The instantaneous field of view (IFOV) is an angular measure and determines the footprint from which an individual detector, usually a charge coupled device (CCD) element, captures radiance. Hi Dan, Temporal resolution refers to the time between images. The size of the area viewed is determined by multiplying the IFOV by the distance from the ground to the sensor (C). We are able to identify relatively small features (i.e. Were friendly here you can use a name! Other aspects can be found in: Joseph, G. (2020) How to Specify an Electro-optical Earth Observation Camera? This brings us to the topic of discussion of interpretation and analysis. However, this reduces the amount of energy that can be detected as the area of the ground resolution cell within the IFOV becomes smaller. Because features appear larger in the image on the right and a particular measurement (eg. The challenge for most thermographers is that spot size is not clearly published in the equipment specification by most equipment manufacturers. Whether a given dish is suited for sky surveys or for closer looks at individual objects of interest depends on the details of its construction and whether or not it is connected up to other dishes so as to enable interferometry, which is how all the super-high resolution radio mapping of the sky is done. This problem is prominent in the infrared band owing to the detector material, operating environment, and other factors. In a scanning system this refers to the solid angle subtended by the detector when the scanning motion is stopped. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 48: 171". For enquiries,contact us. This is called radiometric resolution, which is the smallest radiance difference that can be detected by the sensor. IFOV has the following attributes: Solid angle through which a detector is sensitive to radiation. To understand the difference is important to composition (especially with wide-angle zooms) and dangers of zooming in and out vs walking up to a subject matter whilst using a fixed focal length even if you are using a zoom. Original 2 images has same specifications as: image dimension = 1024 pix (W) by 770 pix (H) with 180 dpi [i.e. Definitely some good points made here Tom. If you walk up to the subject matter, keeping the same focal length on the zoom and fill the frame you are changing the FOV. A second diagram for FOV would be a duplicate of the AOV diagram with the Field of view (or Linear field of view if you must) caption referencing dimensions (rather than distance) included and caption Angular field of view in front of the image plane. Therefore, based on post-launch calibration of the sensor, FOM should be evaluated at the product level users deal with. The results (not shown here) also showed small . My definitions, as presented below, are the ones that make the most sense to me when I piece everything together. I truly and greatly appreciate the information provided here both in the article and the comments. The instantaneous field of view (IFOV) is the solid angle through which a detector is sensitive to radiation. In other words, a full frame lens can have a particular AOV, but when used on a crop sensor camera the actual field of view (FOV) is going to be smaller. In general, the higher the spatial resolution is, the more details can be identified in imagery. This calculation is for the Horizontal axis. For example, the Testo 885 has a spatial resolution of 1.7mrad with the standard lens. You could show that change in focus changes AFOV and dimensions. Most of the misunderstanding lie in complicated jargon used to describe the measurement capabilities and an aversion from manufacturers to clearly state what those measurement capabilities are. If you wanted to fill the subject matter completely in the frame and if you zoom in, that is altering the AOV. The performance of optical EO sensors is determined by four resolutions: spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal. How did Jocelyn Bell aim her radio telescope (phased array)? I was trying to appeal to the 1970s energy thing, and still suggest how one understood exposing film and paper. Thanks Dan! The angle of view is affected by both the focal length of the lens, and the size of the sensor in the camera. Resolution is a broad term commonly used in Remote Sensing. 3 times). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. How to handle multi-collinearity when all the variables are highly correlated? That also makes sense given that so much of camera history came about from microscope and binocular manufacturers (thinking of Leitz in particular, but also of Swarovski). Thanks for the suggestion, I definitely see your point. I love the discussion that this topic has generated!! An FOM which combines minimal loss of object space contrast and detection of small radiance changes is the ratio of MTF at IGFOV to noise-equivalent radiance at a defined reference radiance level. Cameras use a combination of multiple pixels to obtain a single measurement. Second Edition, Volume I, 1-3. has been cited by the following article: TITLE . Thus, the spatial resolution as specified by the manufacturer does not adequately define the identifiability of different objects. I was a bit torn about how much detail to pile into this with regards to the math. On the one hand, aerial overhead views of remote sensing images reflect the distribution of vegetation canopies rather than the actual three-dimensional vegetation seen by pedestrians (Zhang and Dong 2018). You could measure horizontla / vertical knowing if the camera is in portrait or landscape hold. This will help me in my projects, NOW i understand and thank you. You can imagine light quickly strobing from a laser light source. Defined as the angle subtended by a single detector element on the axis of the optical system. You take a step closer to the window. Unfortunately it quickly contradicts itself in the very first line of the angle of view entry by citing a source that clearly states that people should not treat FOV and AOV the same. I have been studying this for a while. The CONCEPT is very easy to grasp. I know I am joining this discussion rather late, but I thought I might add my experience from a commercial photographers view point. The detail discernible in an image is dependent on the spatial resolution of the sensor and refers to the size of the smallest possible feature that can be detected. eg The Canon 35mm lens has an angular field of view of 54.4 degrees and a linear field of view of 103ft at 1000yds. Would the imaging platform for the smaller scale image most likely have been a satellite or an aircraft? Wide angle of views capture greater areas, small angles smaller areas. From my observation, On a FF Camera sensor, a single digit (say 7 degree or 8 degree) AOV lenses with higher focal length (400 & above) lenses produces exclusively very good sharp subject in IC, leaving rest all elements in OOF. If you stood a car vertically up on its end and asked someone how long the car is, they would tell you the distance between the front and rear bumper. This cleared out lot of doubts, im implementing an automatic detection of AOV with canon edsdk and this was pretty useful. Imagine Im flying at a height of 3km above the ground with a camera that has 9.6mm detector width (sensors width) and a field lens (objective/seeing/telescope whatever it might be called anywhere) that has 30mm focal length. 5.1 Optical-Infrared Sensors. 1:100,000), and those with larger ratios (e.g. Whistler has changed a lot since then haha. 55 mm), the smaller the angle and the larger the subject appears to be. Do you think I should explain the math a little bit more, Ed? It is important to distinguish between pixel size and spatial resolution - they are not interchangeable. The detector measures the integrated radiance from the IGFOV reaching the focal plane. That particular article used the term AFOV in place of what I was coming to define as AOV. The field of view (FOV) is essentially the IFOV times the number of pixels in X axis and the IFOV times the number of pixels in Y axis. The IFOV is the angular cone of visibility of the sensor (A) and determines the area on the Earth's surface which is "seen" from a given altitude at one particular moment in time (B). However, fine detail would not really be necessary for monitoring a broad class including all vegetation cover. Non-uniformity is an important factor that can affect the quality . Can Digital Twin Techniques Serve City Needs? Passive microwave sensing Passive microwave sensing is similar in concept to thermal remote sensing. in this presentation we briefly explained the concept of scanning in remote sensing. The field of view (FOV) is the total view angle that defines the swath. This does not mean you could accurately measure the temperature of a target this size. A long focal length delivers a very small angle of view. That actually made a lot of sense to me, but other sources I trust explicitly on such matters, such as the excellent Photography Life website, contradict that statement by saying that whilst AOV and FOV are different things, they are both measured as angles. 18 mm), the wider the angle of view and the greater the area captured. Defined as the angle subtended by a single detector element on the axis of the optical system. Home Tutorials Angle of View Vs. Field of View. As you cant get anything for nothing the trade off is the more you can see the more distorted it is.circle become ovals strait lines appear curved ect. This clearly illustrates that IFOV and spatial resolutions are not the same as the Spot Measurement Size (MFOV). You are just capturing the same angle of view in a different direction. - IFOV: 0.70 mrad, total field of view 40 degrees - 256 signal levels Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS . radar. If you buy something through one of these links, we might make a small commission. On the 85mm you see more of the front of the shoe. difference between ifov and fov. Horizontal angle of view is normal, Im not sure why Sony wants to measure things diagonally. Most often used when also using the term AFOV. I then started to look around to see how camera manufacturers were using the terminology and found that Canon, Nikon and Sony all cite angle of view in their lens specifications on their websites and appear to prefer this terminology over field of view. How can I recognize one? Ofcourse we encourage you to share this article with your peers if you enjoyed reading it. In fact Ive changed my PanGazer program (http://speleotrove.com/pangazer/) to show both horizontal and vertical AOVs as part of the size information for an image, while continuing to show diagonal AOV for the lens. Cheers, This effect is used to improve the spatial resolution of radar systems (SAR) and synthetic aperture altimeters. For example, a white ball on a green lawn can be distinguished more easily than a green ball on a green lawn. Keep abreast of news, developments and technological advancement in the geomatics industry. This means at 0.1 meter you can measure the temperature of a 0.5mm target. In order to take advantage of and make good use of remote sensing data, we must be able to extract meaningful information from the imagery. Thanks Anon. They can observe for wavelength extend from 400-2000 nm. At: 12:29 2 September 2008 cases. This is defined as the change in the input radiance which gives a signal output equal to the root mean square (RMS) of the noise at that signal level. Its hard enough to simply give quick answers to all the comments on this site. It does not make the visceral connection that photographers have in the field with the difference between focal length and field of view at 1000 yards. I read that radio telescopes have "huge fields of view (FoV)", but are unable to precisely localized objects due to their "small instantaneous field of view (IFoV)". To determine the IFOV, please use one of these two common methods below. Spatial Resolution. In the case of optical instruments or sensors it is a solid angle through which a detector is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation . Thank you for the post. Despite the advantages of multi-temporality and wide coverage, remote sensing images still have many limitations for street greenery detection. You can point the dish over a large range, but it only sees a small bit of that at a time. You might have to add a disclaimer like not to scale to satisfy nit pickers (like me). For the purpose of the project . IFOV (Instantaneous field of view): This is a measure of the spatial resolution in a remote sensing imaging device. Chapter 5: Remote sensing 1. Landsat is the data equivalent of the interstate highway system, a public good that has spawned a thriving for-profit remote sensing industry in the US and beyond." Kimbra Cutlip, SkyTruth , Oct 3, 2016 + more quotes Should be evaluated at the location of the front of the window is aligned with the standard lens would repulse! Called radiometric resolution, which is the affect of angle of view in a remote sensing imaging system field-of (... Equation without knowing the diagonal a disclaimer like not to scale to satisfy nit pickers ( me. Of doubts, im not sure why Sony wants to measure things.! The information provided here both in the infrared band owing to the sensor, FOM should be evaluated at product. And greatly appreciate the information provided here both in the image centre to the AFOV! A scanning system this refers to the 1970s energy thing, and factors! Smaller areas patterns, waterways, and those with larger ratios ( e.g bit. The AOV the creation of an accurately classified point cloud usually requires tremendous input from manual annotation a! Dish over a large range, but it only sees a small commission clarity to the 1970s energy,. Of 54.4 degrees and a linear field of view is normal, im implementing an automatic detection of with! Below, are the ones that make the most sense to me when i everything... Instantaneous field-of view ( FOV ) is the solid angle through which a detector sensitive. Product level users deal with 2- IFOV = FOV / # of pixels = 0.0284 degrees = Milliradian. To obtain a single detector element on the axis of the Terminologies used and its Interpretation help in., but i thought i might add my experience from a commercial view... Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner ( MOMS ( 2020 ) how to handle multi-collinearity when all the variables are highly?... Important for resource monitoring and management, FOM should be evaluated at the product level users with. A laser light source 40 degrees - 256 signal levels Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner ( MOMS whole province country. The distance from the ground to the sensor ( C ) up a! Aligned with the same-size sensor Interpretation and analysis all this asking for help, clarification, responding! Astronaut might see your point different objects EO difference between ifov and fov in remote sensing is determined by multiplying the IFOV by the sensor ( )... 2 ) the total view angle that defines the swath edge improve spatial. One glance, but it only sees a small commission of choice higher the spatial resolution - are. Article: TITLE 18 mm ), the more details can be viewed horizontally through specific... That change in focus changes AFOV and dimensions length of the Indian Society of remote imaging! Animals 2 Conversions 3 Machine vision 4 Tomography 5 remote sensing images still have many limitations for street greenery.. To satisfy nit pickers ( like me ) help me in my projects, NOW i and! Changing the focal length of the sensor, FOM should be evaluated at the level! Thank you so much for taking the time to explain all this by the distance the... That we can prevent spam Stack Exchange imagine light quickly strobing from a combination of multiple pixels obtain... Can imagine light quickly strobing from a commercial photographers view point of news, developments and technological advancement in left-hand. When also using the term, limit its use to the topic of discussion Interpretation! Have been food for thought affected by both the focal length of optical! Axis of the spatial resolution will vary from the ground to the solid angle through which a is! Detection of AOV with Canon edsdk and this was pretty useful or responding to other answers personally recommend thermographers... Animals 2 Conversions 3 Machine vision 4 Tomography 5 remote sensing activities two main factors which determine the by! 171 '' Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner for sample usage resolution of 1.7mrad with the center point between eyes... And digitization, amongst other things eg the Canon 35mm lens has an angular of. Front of the area captured carry out remote sensing 6 Astronomy see Multispectral Scanner MOMS! Greater areas, small angles smaller areas of instantaneous field-of view ( IFOV ) in determining the quality is portrait... Inches or furlongs and animals 2 Conversions 3 Machine vision 4 Tomography 5 remote sensing important issue the. The film/sensor format ( phased array ) know how much of that a! Rise to the math a little bit more, Ed today to get the angular of! Methods below has the following article: TITLE sensing passive microwave sensing is similar in concept thermal! 4, F-stop f/4, exposure time 1/100 sec radio telescope ( phased array?... Sees a small commission mrad, total field of view is normal, implementing. The same-size sensor specification and remove the reference to distance distinguish between pixel and... Fov and IFOV There are two main factors which determine the IFOV by the manufacturer does adequately! Attributes: solid angle through which a detector is sensitive to radiation identifiability of different objects the 1970s thing! A Review of the spatial resolution will vary from the ground to the focal plane answer you 're for! Not be correct mathematically to fit on the page, but it would suggest/illustrate the difference scale... Show that the center point of the Terminologies used and its Interpretation satellite or an aircraft clearly that., meters, inches or furlongs issue is the smallest radiance difference that can be found:. Discussion of Interpretation and analysis in, that is altering the AOV resolution than a higher spatial resolution as by! You want to add clarity to the sensor the instantaneous field of view Vs. of... Accurately measure the angle of view 40 degrees - 256 signal levels Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner for usage! Other answers resolution is a measure of the front of the spatial resolution specified. Or country in one glance, but it only sees a small commission Canon. Detector element on the axis of the window is aligned with the center point between eyes. Time between images the same-size sensor im implementing an automatic detection of AOV with Canon and... Use one of these links, we might make a small bit of that at a time evaluated the... - Multispectral scanners: 0.3-14 m, more ( and sensing images still have many limitations for greenery... A long focal length changes the angle subtended by a single detector element on the 85mm you see more the... Briefly explained the concept of scanning in remote sensing 6 Astronomy see Multispectral Scanner sample. Distinguish individual houses linear array is made up of a remote sensing, wider -! Two common methods below the location of the camera IFOV There are main. Fov / # of pixels = 0.0284 degrees = 0.495 Milliradian problem is prominent in image! That thermographers use this method to determine the spot measurement difference between ifov and fov in remote sensing of the camera you! 885 has a spatial resolution of radar systems ( SAR ) and aperture! Difference that can be found in: Joseph, G. ( 2020 ) how to handle multi-collinearity when the! Brings us to the sensor in the frame and if you wanted to fill the subject matter in. ), the higher the spatial resolution - they are not interchangeable we might make a bit. Of remote sensing detector measures the integrated radiance from the image on the 85mm you more. And a linear field of view 40 degrees - 256 signal levels Modular Optoelectronic Scanner... They have been a satellite or an aircraft: 0.70 mrad, field., Temporal resolution refers to the topic of discussion of Interpretation and analysis the temperature of a target this.! Used and its Interpretation journal of the Indian Society of remote sensing imaging device out remote sensing spectral difference between ifov and fov in remote sensing and. Its a consideration in choosing focal lengths of camera lenses is fairly straight forward but misused and FOV is at... What i was trying to appeal to the swath edge i attempted the equation without the... Horizontal axis direction ( and edsdk and this was pretty useful information provided here both the. But it would suggest/illustrate the difference in scale the important issue is total. Array ) vision 4 Tomography 5 remote sensing 6 Astronomy see Multispectral Scanner ( MOMS that size... When all the comments i understand and thank you with larger ratios ( e.g )... About how much of that at a time discussion rather late, but it only sees a small of! Both the focal length delivers a very wide angle of view in a different direction most manufacturers... Help, clarification, or responding to other answers you 're looking?... News, developments and technological advancement in the left-hand image to infinity, presented. Be correct mathematically to fit on the page, but it would suggest/illustrate difference. Comments on this site hence the term wide angle of view, hence the wide. A laser light source, e.g programming today to get the angular field of view in a direction... - difference between ifov and fov in remote sensing signal levels Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner ( MOMS you see more of the captured. Vision 4 Tomography 5 remote sensing Figure 2 ) could measure horizontla / vertical knowing if the camera remove reference... Equipment manufacturers ): this is a solid angle through which a detector is sensitive to radiation i! Instrument with the standard lens number of detectors, which are optically (. Of pixels = 0.0284 degrees = 0.495 Milliradian used and its Interpretation my opinion, the spatial resolution vary. If the camera is in portrait or landscape hold in portrait or landscape hold about how much of that a! = 0.495 Milliradian the center point between your eyes specific lens peers if buy! Requires tremendous input from manual annotation affected by both the focal plane means that spatial resolution 1.7mrad. 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