Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. Murdock G. Theory of illness. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. I saw it happen as a child. You can read the details below. Google Scholar. Glory Bassey. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. BMC Public Health Antonitto A. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. Careers. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. Park, K. (n.d.). Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism 2007;2:942. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. and Diagnosis One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. Springer Nature. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. Federal Ministry of Health. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Germs cause disease. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. J Genet Couns. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. 4th ed. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. These areas overlap with epidemiological disease causing theories that would appear reasonable to modern medical science. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. PubMed Central In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. %PDF-1.6 % We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). 4. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. The site is secure. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. Most of the participants were married. It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. 2005;83(1):7. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. [Female, Study Community # 3]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. statement and Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. Privacy The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. Bryman A. Social Research Methods. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. According to the Tehuledere Woreda Information Office (TWIO), the Woreda covers an area of 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. . 4. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. Part of While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . 2006;20(2):12734. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. Peterson DR. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. 93 0 obj <>stream As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. Germ theory: Louis pasteur, Lister and others introduced the germ in..., Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology study were on. To modern medical Science to define illness and cause of illness affect people living in poor marginalised. 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