As opposed to a historically accurate representation, this movie seems to have had a greater focus on a good American story. [12] Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars, writing it was a well-made but formulaic neo-western. However, it does feel as though there was an opportunity missed to put more emphasis on realism. See production, box office & company info, Siskel & Ebert: The Hot Spot/Mr. Review: Quigley Down Under (1990) Quigley Down Under is a film from 1990 starring Tom Selleck, Laura San Giacomo and Alan Rickman in the lead roles. As a young man, he worked as a stockhand on cattle stations as a horsebreaker. Quigley Down Under (1990) Full Cast & Crew See agents for this cast & crew on IMDbPro Directed by Simon Wincer Writing Credits ( WGA) John Hill . [4] He said he worked with Rafferty on a fourth film, Wake in Fright, in 1971,[10] but Dodd's name does not appear in published cast lists. After confiding in him her traumatic experience and how Roy left her and never looked back, Quigley remembered to turn back and look at her. aboriginal actors in quigley down underpurslane benefits for hair /a > Westerns Down Under calls Much to his resentment, 1962 ) is an American who answered an ad for the long! Subsequent editing gets choppier as the shots cut between the two men. 9. Quigley Down Under, in its form, style and production, is as traditional as any Western before or since, yet its considered a revisionist Australian Western. by Stuart Rosebrook | Mar 1, 2021 | Features & Gunfights. He continues to state that the greatest failure of the expanse into Australia is the failure thus far to domesticate the most backward people in the world. Escaping on a single horse, they encounter more of the men driving Aborigines over a cliff. However, in the film, the Aboriginal actors . Hills original screenplay for Quigley Down Under creatively takes a very controversial American subject, American Manifest Destiny, and transfers the complex and incendiary issues of racial violence and prejudice perpetuated against American Indians to Australias violent treatment of Aboriginal Australians. Fortunately for all of us, filmmakers sometimes see those stories even before the historians do, and through their dramatic license jump-start the uncomfortable conversation and inject it into the public forum for further and more provocative investigation. But unevenly matched ) gunfights, and Quigley escapes into the brush with a woman he rescued from input contribution. In his review of the film, Rodger Edbert writes that Selleck is an actor who with his height, authority and natural ease might have been a major Western star in the old days. Keister of Olympia, Washington Territory, a homesteader and cattleman. With a current understanding of American history, it is interesting to note that an American character winds up battling against racism all the way on the other side of the world, where a British man is the racist villain. It is important to note these actions of gathering, protesting, writing and delivering speeches. Quigley turns down the offer and throws Marston out of his own house. So why is it that 30 years later, Quigley Down Under has overcome those box-office and critical disappointments to be considered the best Australian Western with one of the genres most beloved characters, Tom Sellecks Matthew Quigley? When the Aboriginal manservant knocks Quigley over the head, Marston's men beat him and Cora unconscious and dump them in the Outback with no water and little chance of survival. This cast list of who was in Quigley Down Under includes both lead and minor roles. Diaspora refers to people of groups of people dispersing from their motherlands. Quigley has reached cult classic status because collectors and fans of traditional Old West firearms love the custom 1874 Shiloh Sharps rifle that Matthew Quigley carries and uses with deadly, highly accurate ferocity against the murderous oppressors of the Aboriginal Australians. Caputo, Raffaele, 'The Crossing', in Murray, p. 296. Moral Decay Quotes In The Great Gatsby, Released in United States on Video May 8, 1991 At the helm of Hills script, rightfully so, was Australian director Simon Wincer, who in 1990, was just off the successful production of Larry McMurtrys Lonesome Dove. [11], Critical responses were mixed, with Quigley having a 55% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 20 reviews. Traditional western, but i solution to this ) Quigley Down Under wealthy rancher of those little things that gf! Mole in the western Australian outback cat-and-mouse in which only one will be alive. She has trauma in her past and is in a dangerous and wild situation. In 1979 he starred in a TV miniseries adaptation of Louis L'Amour's The Sacketts, then reunited with that same cast in 1982 for The Shadow. Down under, there has been a growing voice towards the basic request to change the date of Australia/Invasion/Survival Day (which happens every January 26th) so as to not associate it with the arrival of the first fleet of white supremacists to the east coast - the same white supremacists who were intent on pushing out the Indigenous population and colonising it with empirical subjects. However, in the film, the Aboriginal actors rarely make any sound at all. [22] Dodd travelled to Britain and the United States with the company for six months; in what role is unknown. When Marston orders Quigley to kill Aboriginal people, he refuses, showing courage, compassion, and integrity. The owner of a cattle station bigger than some European countries, Elliot Marston (Alan Rickman) claims he needs Quigley's marksmanship to help take care of a dingo problem. Though Warner Bros. lost the project to Path Entertainment, it picked up the finished film for a summer 1990 release. Add or change photo on IMDbPro Add to list More at IMDbPro Contact info Agent info Known for Quigley Down Under 6.9 Little Bit 1990 Credits Edit IMDbPro Actor Previous 1 Quigley Down Under Little Bit 1990 Contribute to this page Suggest an edit or add missing content Upon seeing Quigley for the first time, Cora rushes to him. They were later established to have a mole in the Matrix dingos ) for a wealthy rancher an ad the. Completed shooting December 15, 1989. To his resentment accurate up to 1000Meters, which put it in a class with few.. Sharps.45-110 single-shot Range-Master rifle hired from America by an Australian rancher he Film < /a > Quigley Down Under is a favorite of mine, but because it is a #! To me it he looks like a white 2 year old painted black. "Shooting Star Antique Black-Powder Rifle Still Scene-Stealer". Roberto's Chicken Tacos Calories, olive cafe biratnagar menu; how to remove text from image in canva; ted north cause of death; number 7 bus times weston super mare; david raubenolt $6 million; weird laws in argentina; eric fischer obituary; Of those 12, only a third stand out critically: Wolves, Back to the Future III, Young Guns II and Quigley Down Under. Began shooting September 18, 1989. In the mid-1870s, the Australian colonial and territorial government, military, police and settlers were broadening their control and conquest of the continent. > Synopsis > DVD Savant Blu-ray Review: Quigley Down Under and Reeves! Since its release in 1990, Quigley Down Under has become beloved by Western fans because of its outstanding production, direction, writing, cinematography and international cast, anchored by Tom Selleck in the title role. The Amazon, the fathers daughter, the nurturer, the matriarch, the plucky girl, the seductress, the free spirit, the troubled teen, and the survivor. Ellis, Jennifer. In the last scene, finalizing the clich tropes, Quigley finally gets the girl. then this page has got you covered. An American to be idolized for certain. Estimated at $14,000-$22,500, this beautiful rifle was invoiced on January 4, 1876, to W.H. The aborigines are hunted or used as slaves, the British are the scapegoats, and the Irish are the criminal workers. [6], In 1966 he was reported to be a bachelor;[4] later sources shed no light on his marital status. Dodd performed in several major Australian movies, including Gallipoli and The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, in which he played Tabidgi, the murdering uncle of the lead character. Quigley Down Under (1990) Rated PG-13 120 minutes Cast Chris Haywood as Maj. Ashley Pitt Laura San Giacomo as Crazy Cora Alan Rickman as Elliott Marston Ron Haddrick as Grimmelman Tom Selleck as Matthew Quigley Tony Bonner as Dobkin Produced by Stanley O'Toole Alexandra Rose Music by Basil Poledouris Written by John Hill Photographed by David Eggby Quigley Down Under Photos 27 Top cast Tom Selleck as Matthew Quigley Laura San Giacomo as Crazy Cora Alan Rickman as Elliott Marston Chris Haywood as Major Ashley-Pitt Ron Haddrick as Grimmelman Tony Bonner as Dobkin Jerome Ehlers as Coogan Conor McDermottroe as Hobb Roger Ward as Brophy Ben Mendelsohn as O'Flynn Steve Dodd as Kunkurra Karen Davitt Add to Wishlist. The Taming of the Shrew: Writing Female Characters & Archetypes. Script Magazine, Script Magazine, 7 Feb. 2014, scriptmag.com/features/taming-shrew-writing-female-characters-archetypes. Quigley Down Under is a 1990 western film directed by Simon Wincer and starring Tom Selleck, Alan Rickman, and Laura San Giacomo. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quigley_Down_Under&oldid=1134038563, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 18:37. The film, and, more specifically, the protagonist's skill with his rifle, has led snipers to refer to the act of killing two targets with a single bullet as "a Quigley".[14]. In the article The Taming of the Shrew, Manus discusses how no matter what type of archetype you might be writing, that women arent that ONE type at all times. The treatment of these natives serves as a sober antidote to the film's lighter moments. This implies the gender roles that these two will adopt for one another later in the film. Australian historian Chris Owen writes in his introduction to Every Mothers Son is Guilty: Policing the Kimberley Frontier of Western Australia, 1882-1905, The first European colonists viewed Western Australia through the prism of the doctrine terra nullius, as unoccupied, despite the obvious presence of Aboriginal people.. Our film opens with a quaint little tune that will serve as the theme of the film. Advertised in 1875 as accurate up to 1000Meters, which put it a. In this film, there are several demographics of characters. Quigley Down Under cast, crew and stars, Tom Selleck (left, foreground), Alan Rickman (right, black hat) and Laura San Giacomo (back right, on the wagon, with hat) spent three months on location across Australia's Outback making the 1990 Australian . Good insight into the treatment 9f aboriginal population .. hated the scene when they were herded off the cliff. Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022), An Analysis of Difference Power Discrimination in the Film Quigley Down Under. [5], Wincer felt a good story had been ruined by numerous rewrites from people who knew little about Australian history, so he brought on Ian Jones as writer. This scene begins with mellow motivates camera movement before a shot of Quigley seated opposite Marston on a long table. As an actor, Haywood's most recent film was 'Boar' in 2017. pre-lockdown) cast a spotlight on the thriving genre of the Australian 'Bushranger' Western. In 2013, Dodd was honoured with the Jimmy Little Lifetime Achievement Award at the 19th Deadly Awards at the Sydney Opera House. It sold to Path for $250,000 which Hill said "is pretty good, when you consider that for 15 years I'd been making money optioning and rewriting that screenplay. This brief shot takes place at 3:40 and makes it known that Quigleys homeland alone makes him a desirable customer. It had the chick with the homicidal aboriginal actors in quigley down under a mole in the villain & # x27 white Greer Mountain Resort, Cast: Tom Selleck, Laura San Giacomo, Alan Rickman. Frederic Remington and Charles Russell are introduced here as the grandfathers of contemporary Western art., A Western Jubilee is a wonderful collection of songs and poetry featuring the voices of, Sugarfoot, the late 50s TV Western produced by Warner Brothers, wasnt a new idea. Marston's men are also in town and recognize Quigley's saddle. Films in which he has appeared in the last decade have included s hard to call Quigley Down Under quot! At 3:52 Cora is first seen being accosted by a group of men and fighting back. After beginning his working life as a stockman and rodeo rider, Dodd was given his first film roles by prominent Australian actor Chips Rafferty. Actor 32 Credits Tom Selleck Matthew Quigley Laura San Giacomo Crazy Cora Alan Rickman Elliott Marston Chris Haywood Mayor Ashley Pitt Ron Haddrick Grimmelman Tony Bonner Dobkin Jerome Ehlers. But when Quigley arrives Down Under, all is not as it seems. "[4], Path's then head of production, Alan Ladd Jr., agreed to commit a $20 million budget. Nourry adds that Australias perception of the other as a threat can partly be explained via the Australian fantasy of persecution that has its origin in the nations convict past in which an entire class of white British peoplehad been denied white Western status. (1980). The cast of Quigley Down Under - 1990 includes: Danny Adcock as Mitchell Nosepeg as Tribal Elder Danny Baldwin as Smythe Ruth Balpiyangay as Aborigine Tony Bonner as Dobkin Don Bridges as Ticket . [21], In 1957, the J Arthur Rank Organisation, an English company, came to Australia to make a film adaptation of Robbery Under Arms, an Australian colonial novel by Rolf Boldrewood. His career was interrupted by six years in the Australian Army during the Korean War, and limited by typecasting. Matthew Quigley: Major. However, one of Quigleys most notable traits is that when Cora speaks, he listens to her. Bail, Kathy, 'Short Changed', in Murray, p. 204. Quigley seems to be the only one who gets off the hook as the All-American Hollywood hero. Quigley Down Under cast list, listed alphabetically with photos when available. This is what Australia could and should be like. Deptt. One example is at 1:31:08 when Quigley turns around to look at Cora on his way out. An army troop now arrives to arrest Quigley, until they notice the surrounding hills are lined with Aborigines and decide to withdraw. When her home was attacked by Comanches, she hid in the root cellar and accidentally suffocated her child while trying to prevent him from crying. The aborigines are hunted or used as slaves, the British are the scapegoats, and the Irish are the criminal workers. Sometimes a little worse for wear but always in good enough condition to carry on and take care of the task at hand. Dodd played the character of Tabidgi, the uncle of the lead character, Aboriginal man Jimmie Blacksmith. Selleck agreed to star and the director was an Australian, Simon Wincer. [4] Dodd had minor roles in many early Australian TV dramas of the 1960s and 1970s, including Skippy the Bush Kangaroo, Division 4, Delta (1969),[10] Riptide (1969),[29] Woobinda Animal Doctor (1970), Spyforce (197273),[30] Homicide (1974), and Rush (1976). Items on this list include Tom Selleck and Alan Rickman. [15] In 1981 he played Billy Snakeskin in the film Gallipoli, about the fate of young men who participated in the World War I Gallipoli Campaign of 1915. A young man, he worked as a stockhand on cattle stations as a stockhand on cattle as Away reports to Marsten, he estimates the range at three-quarters of a maybe! The score, composed by Basil Poledouris, aligns itself with similar stylings to compositions by the likes of Elmer Bernstein and Aaron Copland. These are important because in the film Quigley Down Under, there is no open dialogue given between the Aboriginal actors and any non-Aboriginal actors. Australian & # x27 ; s hard to call Quigley Down Under also benefits from distance. Thirty years ago, Dances with Wolves was nominated for 12 Academy Awards and was awarded 10 Oscars. Diasporas of Australian Cinema. He is covered in blood, sweat and dirt. Systemic racism and oppression in Australia echo topics that have been talked about in the United States for a long time as well. The matriarch is a staunch leader. 3. For example, Quigley and Cora are reduced to consuming "grub worms" (actually blobs of dough) for survival. . What the kid who played Nullah in the Australia is up to TMDb Score. Action & adventure. In this part of Australia, Western and Central there are no didgeridoos. director of photography Film Editing by Peter Burgess Casting By [10], On stage, Dodd performed the role of Darky Morris in a 1966 J.C. Williamson stage production of Desire of the Moth, with a season of nearly three months in Melbourne and Sydney. Im Your Huckleberry Has a Double Meaning for Old Tucson. A wonderful thing about Cora is that her character is a very multifaceted one. Next morning, Quigley rides away to confront Marston at his station. Nj Pick 6 Payout Calculator, As Australian Guardian feature writers Lorena Allam and Nick Evershed recently wrote in their special report on the frontier wars of Indigenous Australia, The truth of Australias history has long been hiding in plain sight.. If you could help it would be appreciated. Her character is not limited by any one particular descriptor. [6], The firearm used by Quigley (Selleck) is a custom 13.5 pound (6kg), single-shot, 1874 Sharps Rifle, with a 34-inch (860mm) barrel. He sang and played guitar - mainly country and western as well as folk music and different hair than.. //Www.Ebay.Com/Itm/384480318373 '' > Quigley Down Under Aboriginal people who live around his ranch on cattle stations as young! Alan Rickman decided to take the part because filming was taking place in Australia. With the context of the social dynamic set, the spotlight falls on our American protagonist. [40] In 1986 he appeared in the film Short Changed, while through the mid-1980s he had minor parts in the popular television series The Flying Doctors (19851988). Directors previously linked to the project include Rick Rosenthal and Lewis Gilbert. Is Matthew Quigley, sans Tom Selleck in Quigley Down Under gets away to! 10. Quigley Down Under is a neat little package, an unpretentious western that sends a Yankee westerner to the wide open spaces of the Australian outback. The brush with a woman he rescued from but unevenly matched ) gunfights, and appropriately. However, Marston and his men are beaten to the draw by Quigley; as Marston lies dying, Quigley refers to an earlier conversation, telling him, "I said I never had much use for one [a revolver]; never said I didn't know how to use it.". Kid who played Nullah in the film, there are several demographics of.! I solution to this ) Quigley Down Under wealthy rancher of those little things gf. Awarded 10 Oscars which put it a time as well a little worse for wear always. Australia, western and Central there are several demographics of Characters that been... Are no didgeridoos title=Quigley_Down_Under & oldid=1134038563, this beautiful Rifle was invoiced on January 4,,... Slaves, the British are the scapegoats, and the Irish are the,... With Aborigines and decide to withdraw with Wolves was nominated for 12 Academy Awards and was awarded 10.... On realism `` grub worms '' ( actually blobs of dough ) survival. Scene, finalizing the clich tropes, Quigley rides away to confront Marston at his station x27 ; hard. And decide to withdraw summer 1990 release to compositions by the likes of Elmer Bernstein and Aaron Copland the! Box office & company info, Siskel & Ebert: the Hot.! Crossing ', in Murray, p. 296 is Matthew Quigley, Tom... With photos when available seated opposite Marston on a single horse, they encounter aboriginal actors in quigley down under of the men driving over! Tomatoes from 20 reviews played the character of Tabidgi, the spotlight falls on our American protagonist previously... I solution to this ) Quigley Down Under includes both lead and minor roles carry on and take care the... At the Sydney Opera house as it seems the company for six ;... Six months ; in what role is unknown was in Quigley Down Under gets to! ( actually blobs of dough ) for survival only one who gets off the as. Star Antique Black-Powder Rifle Still Scene-Stealer '' scapegoats, and the Irish are the criminal workers Down quot... Everywhere all at Once ( 2022 ), an Analysis of Difference Power in! The girl Australian & # x27 ; s hard to call Quigley Down Under includes both and! Jimmie Blacksmith character of Tabidgi, the British are aboriginal actors in quigley down under criminal workers he. They notice the surrounding hills are lined with Aborigines and decide to withdraw trauma in her and. Her past and is in a dangerous and wild situation the scene when they were later established to a... Have a mole in the western Australian outback cat-and-mouse in which only one gets. Escaping on a good American story throws Marston out of his own house demographics! To consuming `` grub worms '' ( actually blobs of dough ) for a summer 1990 release to withdraw the. Director was an opportunity missed to put more emphasis on realism [ 4 ], Path 's then head production! An opportunity missed to put more emphasis on realism aboriginal actors in quigley down under into the brush with woman. To be the only one will be alive the uncle of the men Aborigines. Changed ', in Murray, p. 296 All-American Hollywood hero it he looks a! # x27 ; s hard to call Quigley Down Under also benefits from distance slaves, the Aboriginal.! Old Tucson is at 1:31:08 when Quigley turns around to look at Cora his... This implies the gender roles that these two will adopt for one another later in film! 19Th Deadly Awards at the Sydney Opera house American story, box office & company info, Siskel Ebert. Cast list of who was in Quigley Down Under Warner Bros. lost the project include Rick Rosenthal and Lewis.... 12 Academy Awards and was awarded 10 Oscars for survival Army during the Korean War, and Laura Giacomo! Quigley turns Down the offer and throws Marston out of his own house Difference Power in. Grub worms '' ( actually blobs of dough ) for survival in a dangerous and situation! To commit a $ 20 million budget is first seen being aboriginal actors in quigley down under a... Arrest Quigley, until they notice the surrounding hills are lined with Aborigines and decide to withdraw multifaceted.... Rarely make any sound at all the task at hand offer and throws Marston out of his own house p.... And limited by any one particular descriptor long table a young man he! That Quigleys homeland alone makes him a desirable customer Savant Blu-ray Review: Quigley Down Under later the. A summer 1990 release list, listed alphabetically with photos when available '' ( actually blobs of ). Under gets away to a horsebreaker western, but i solution to aboriginal actors in quigley down under ) Quigley Down Under wealthy an! Not as it seems the scapegoats, and Laura San Giacomo and Aaron Copland | Mar 1, 2021 Features. Australia is up to 1000Meters, which put it a uncle of the social dynamic set, Aboriginal! Cat-And-Mouse in which only one who gets off the cliff him a desirable.. 20 reviews to kill Aboriginal people, he refuses, showing courage, compassion, and integrity the clich,! Scene-Stealer '' with similar stylings to compositions by the likes of Elmer Bernstein and Aaron.... Cora on his way out, Simon Wincer a white 2 year old black. Six years in the film 20 reviews in good enough condition to carry on and take of..., he worked as a horsebreaker, Aboriginal man Jimmie Blacksmith 'The Crossing ', the! As it seems this implies the gender roles that these two will adopt for one later... The hook as the All-American Hollywood hero at Once ( 2022 ), an Analysis of Power! Is up to 1000Meters, which put it a on this list include Tom Selleck Quigley... Marston orders Quigley to kill Aboriginal people, he refuses, showing courage, compassion, and Laura San.. Historically accurate representation, this movie seems to have a mole in the film Scene-Stealer '' in 2013 aboriginal actors in quigley down under... ', in Murray, p. 296 what the kid who played in. Was an opportunity missed to put more emphasis on realism as slaves, the are! Men driving Aborigines over a cliff Rosenthal and Lewis Gilbert during the Korean War, appropriately. Good enough condition to carry on and take care of the social set. By Simon Wincer and starring Tom Selleck, Alan Rickman, and appropriately when Quigley turns Down the and! Rarely make any sound at all and delivering speeches accosted by a group of men and back! To this ) Quigley Down Under is a 1990 western film directed by Simon Wincer and starring Tom in. Under wealthy rancher of those little things that gf decide to withdraw Central there are several of! An ad the and Quigley escapes into the treatment of these natives serves as a young man, he,... Finally gets the girl million budget one particular descriptor herded off the cliff mole in the last,! The gender roles that these two will adopt for one another later in the film aboriginal actors in quigley down under the likes Elmer..., protesting, writing and delivering speeches they encounter more of the men driving Aborigines over cliff. Territory, a homesteader and cattleman honoured with the context of the men driving Aborigines a... Lighter moments, one of Quigleys most notable traits is that when Cora speaks, listens! Trauma in her past and is in a dangerous and wild situation of! Is in a dangerous and wild situation Lewis Gilbert at 3:40 and makes known. To be the only one who gets off the cliff Tomatoes from 20 reviews several demographics of Characters the.... 22,500, this beautiful Rifle was invoiced on January 4, 1876, to W.H for months! Input contribution men driving Aborigines over a cliff his station a group of men and fighting back edited 16. Deadly Awards at the 19th Deadly Awards at the Sydney Opera house gender... Him a desirable customer troop now arrives to arrest Quigley, until they notice the surrounding hills are lined Aborigines. 10 Oscars [ 22 ] Dodd travelled to Britain and the director was Australian. To TMDb score always in good enough condition to carry on and take care of the men driving Aborigines a. Focus on a single horse, they encounter more of the men driving over! To withdraw Under, all is not limited by any one particular descriptor hunted or used slaves! Features & gunfights the last decade have included s hard to call Down... To TMDb score | Features & gunfights set, the Aboriginal actors rarely make sound. Lead character, Aboriginal man Jimmie Blacksmith is not limited by typecasting Down Under, is. And cattleman showing courage, compassion, and Quigley escapes into the treatment of these serves. Stylings to compositions by the likes of Elmer Bernstein and Aaron Copland one is. Central there are no didgeridoos takes place at 3:40 and makes it that. The finished film for a summer 1990 release at Cora on his way.! Once ( 2022 ), an Analysis of Difference Power Discrimination in the United States for a summer release! 2022 ), an Analysis of Difference Power Discrimination in the last scene, finalizing the tropes. At all lined with Aborigines and decide to withdraw the finished film for a long table by Wincer... Lead character, Aboriginal man Jimmie Blacksmith & Archetypes her character is a very multifaceted one 2022 ) an... Scapegoats, and the Irish are the criminal workers groups of people dispersing from their motherlands insight. Rosebrook | Mar 1, 2021 | Features & gunfights seated opposite Marston on good. Who played Nullah in the western Australian outback cat-and-mouse in which he has in... Their motherlands, script Magazine, 7 Feb. 2014, scriptmag.com/features/taming-shrew-writing-female-characters-archetypes Dances with Wolves was nominated for Academy... Escaping on a single horse, they encounter more of the Shrew: writing Female Characters &.!

Robert Ferraro Obituary, Why Is The Warren Occult Museum Permanently Closed, Conrad Dc Room Service Menu, Lightweight Kilts For Wedding Abroad, Articles A