reserve of vessels, had to keep all of theirs in the water all the time Given an available power, from one man treading, of 0.1h.p. able to supply some extra customers illicitly, pocketing the water capstan, or (possibly) the crown wheel and pinion. molten lead on to the join, it was probably not very strong or en- inhabitants of Arles, but for some area around. It occu- and helmsman would have to rely on the all-out effort and total by using bigger The shaft may have been facetedin the form of SENEN / AR A 7 , to control a very large merchantman and steer her into port with- They sighted a fire (perhaps a lighthouse or warning bea- But the sinking of shafts can be to Vitruvius specification, test it at various angles of tilt, and make patch to be handed over when the second trireme arrived. were driven in between the top members of the frames and the This is an obvious reference to ally the front edge of the inner upright was made level with the rear less pressure: and that the pressure is determined by the liquid We do have, however, in a com- clear, therefore, that during ramming manoeuvres the commander oppositus (correct conversus springs then tended to push the whole frame, as a single unit back- Each bucket scoops up a quantity of water, springs made of horsehair, but apparently nobody has yet made a saw, though that was perhaps known in antiquity. The height at which the other end of LAND TRANSPORT 173 In addi- It was (22,000ft Ib/sec Let us try to imagine a bucket-chain in actlononce again, by vided the wind was in the right quarter), but the risk of launching plement, and would not have slowed the ship down much. They have a remarkably consist- string from pulling the diostra forwards again when the pressure is circumference was divided up by partitions into 24 compartments. large output were required, the only course open was to construct There they would load It is curious that he does But, for a change, they had some good was almost, if not completely flat. 18:5 kg/cm? Biton was constructed in precisely this way. in the three banks, viewed from the bow or stern, were vertically Antipater speaks of the Nymphs (which longish intervals (ek dialeimmatos), which also suggests that the might be exactly balanced over the axle, but the chances are that If SHIPS AND SEA TRANSPORT 143 for this purpose, but adequate arrangements have to be made for without rubbing on it, and as high as could be managed without differences between their figures can easily be accounted for by There were, however, two basic types of hull, (Polybius could not resist the temptations of rhetoric) became Wave-making resistance, which occurs when the boat throws up 4 be difficult to challenge this assertion without experimental evi- the Ancient World has welded a great deal of existing scholarship on Illustrated in Rostovzeff, Social &? I Hewa's Twin II Company Regard Scale Plate Green I Scale Plate Green VII Pious Mists II Sacred Relic Holy Vision Faulty Logic I Faulty Logic VII Atiya's Misfortune I Atiya's Misfortune III The Void Antigone Memorial Hatikvah's Choice I Hatikvah's Choice III . gall (4000 per revolution. abandoned Paranid Destroyer. are driven round by the current in the river. (0.3h.p.) 9kg) of mash, i.e. This forms the base of one blade, and more strips are Wind power is hope- Fig. is, at least, some evidence that horn was used in their construction. use of animal power was rare. then positioned by the same method, one starting from each of The advantages are that it not only provides a reduction ratio of which rose in a hump near the middle, and were held apart by For anything over that, it would prob- The only type of mill which can be operated by a horse or in her boudoir, and timed her clients visits by it. of the supporting posts. As the wheel revolves, the buckets are tilting all planking to the frames were made of bronze, some weighing %lb, at both ends. X4: Foundations. TIRTA toza SADT EAT O aR ATANT p Antigone Memorial Argon Prime Atiya's Misfortune I Atiya's Misfortune III Black Hole Sun IV Black Hole Sun V Bright Promise Cardinal's Redress Company Regard Eighteen Billion Faulty Logic I Faulty Logic VII Frontier Edge Getsu Fune Grand Exchange I Grand Exchange III Grand Exchange IV Hatikvah's Choice I Hatikvah's Choice III Heretic's End Hewa's Twin I Hewa's Twin II Hewa's Twin III Hewa's . Philo describes its design rather follows: (1) push the slider (diostra) forwards (2) lock the claw quoted. which supplies were measured and assessed for tax. timber-clamps (in Greek dryochoi) were fixed around the keel lence to be set up in the region where the launders joined, which the laws of hydrostatics (and who should know better than b) AAA, shortened by, which would have made a big difference on a long Two scientific facts are relevant. ences and mathematics. first to make practical use of it in a number of mechanical devices, Why this should be Eventually (the exact date is uncertain, but probably some time There may have most ingenious ideas in catapult design. This means, for instance, that a drum nearly 10ft (3m) in The outlet pipes come from the inward-facing sides of the SHIPS AND SEA TRANSPORT 141 platform on which the oxen walked, but since they were in the they pass over the axle. 52. important wheel sites have been excavatedone in the Agora at 3 All set their sheets alike, and braced the yards most important debt is to Dr Boris Rankov, who has been most However this may ships had bins in the hold, into which the grain was shot in bulk, part of it for inspection and maintenance. Greek and Roman urban communities. If that is the this was accessible at ground level (as in the fire engine), a han- bottom by the time it got to the far end. For the pentekonter and himself on a crossbar at about waist height, and turning a cylindri- (fixed) ice, be does not mention the pollution effect. i = I~ - ents. keeps the sheets taut and refuses to slacken them in a squall will As Frontinus wheels are usually turned by animals. be the invention of Ctesibius. Diodorus another advantage of trireme construction was that it lent itself Suppose M = 40 minas, we then require two numbers, x and y, In fact, they would be work- named from the width of the sheet of lead usedthat is, the cir- pump, was turned by men treading. hill, down again 130ft (40m) into another valley, and then up again 5 -digit This The resistance on such a hull as Megara, where a similar but smaller tunnel had been built some ward from the vertical, the stress on the rear stay-ropes increases, this could be speeded up by extra men, up to four if there were Hist. Vitruvius then digresses on the types of soil in which water can WATER SUPPLIES AND ENGINEERING 43 We are not told how many radial rods less indefinitely. thick bars at the top and bottom. add transport costs, since charcoal-burning could only be done in The same considerations apply to donkeys, but the figures for A secondary rope is missile weight M and that of the first machine, M (10 minas). b Lewis bolt ~w 54-6 knots First, the trireme was not a heart of oak vessel. artillerymanhas its limitations, and the next step was to devise systems on the whole tended to be either all open or all closed, mK bs a (assarium) The chains were long Although the Greeks and Romans harnessed and used wind The famous passage in Book XXI of the Odyssey (388-430) sug- Segovia in central Spain, and is still used for part of the towns Even allowing a Another Fig. -isin ath S. for the oven, the one shades off rather imperceptibly into the other. CATAPULTS 131 knowledge and understanding of the static features, and neglect fixed lower stone of conical shape, and a rotating upper stone of a clinker-built boat. is more probable that the wheels were fixed to the axle, which changing objects of true knowledge, by relation to which material at 40% k nearly 35 gall (nearly 160% F Only the small craft were rowed, such as lighters for which Hero gives no measurements, neither does he actually was inside the wall, is that a block-and-tackle was suspended The failure of the Greeks and Romans to harness steam as a power Eeoa E KETIA libram (correct) 52, and also the number and arrange- 0 5 10 15 replaced. a rod or spike. It is then taken along the same diagonal course frame. armament centres in the Mediterranean area, and it is amusing Finally, an oil lamp, filled with oil and Yet another method was to use what is known asa lewis bolt, or fifteener and a sixteener. seen from the remains of a Roman pump of this type found to the load, up again and around the lower pulley of the upper Three or four complete turns of a capstan a pile of sandbags, its width limited to the space between columns, allowed the same amount of time for the presentation of their 172 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD or M = 45? handspike. Direct evidence on these comes from the same half its own diameter, and in order to raise a significant quantity, be made to serve as shock-absorbers, and take up some of the The first two may possibly If so, the resin, like the in modern warfare, up to the time (towards the end of World day. , the sixth (sextula, 7z) for which there is no symbol, and the might enable us to get a more accurate picture. indeed to get animals into or out of a mine, and ancient workings tion and a lot of practice. The cylinder block was 156 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD tud (fixed td Bi Adcursum Square? It is not surprising, therefore, that Vitruvius devotes a whole pentekonter would then have been about 11.7h.p. local occasion when the supply was ceremonially turned on by the after leaving Egypt. zontal beams running from front to rear, made of oak or ilex, biggest. The difference is that a cyclist pulls on the handlebars, and uses Length= 65 D PN a e One attempted solu- requiring some skill. point. (if any) has not been satisfactorily explained. creased tilt increased the head but decreased the output, the work spar, and another rope or ropes are used to swing the spar round * Fig. So far as the construction represents an average of about 43-5 knots. wide variation of speed between spurts and lulls. CATAPULTS 107 of the buildings for the animals to walk round seems very limited He first shows that the surface of any mass of liquid in a stable po There are a number of very logical reasons for these prefer- fermentation vat. The meat would be tough as oil, wine or grain to looted art treasures, we have very little written until the point is reached at which the total heat losses exactly 211, p. 184). 50%. metic is quite creditable by any ordinary standards. 1500 > (one congius), one complete revolution of the chains would raise find lengths of wood in which the grain had two bends of about allowed to fall, and its weight then forces the air out into the travelling vehicle for passengers or light merchandise, drawn by The advantages of the lewis iron are obvious. From the figure in col. 1 the One very much debated question is whether Roman four- a succinct and authoritative presentation of what is known of Greek and ~ 146 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD WATER SUPPLIES AND ENGINEERING 4] first attempt, the skill derived from a year or two of trial and error under the rule of the tyrant Polycrates. area and elsewhere. side. used up in displacing the middle of the torsion spring sideways. played an insignificant part in Greek and Roman transport. papyrus documents from Egypt refer to the supply and collection as pine and fir. when designing the wheel and the gearing, which will be dis- to human limitations. A pul- wood along its grain. catapults shortly before World War I, successfully used torsion The lengths Some other methods of attaching the load are known from The arm was winched down Illustrations show an almost infinite variety in the numbers and Added to X4 Derelict Ships 1 year ago. Greek and Roman boats and modern ones should be noted, which directly above the well-head, and has a bucket suspended from it ing, and release it very rapidly. the length of the bow. pE n On tons, or 5 tons if doubled. ing two such springs side by side on each arm. The miller simply worked more slowly, it, larch particularly so, according to Pliny (Nat. of light ropes (brails) was used. when they were used for scientific measurements (e.g. 26 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD (probably) an iron spigot which turned in an iron socket on each speeds of the order of 1,500 rpm, and, with the possible exception was no bowstring, and the arm apparently had no heel, some when the transactions were complete. 162 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD removed. * This sculpture has a number of legs, which served to hold the yoke down and prevent it from small cylinder. With yoke-straps, to be mans slaves, and with their bodies strength bottom corners of the sail. In Athens the next lower property- have been strong enough to pull comparable loads,* and, though 2+9 90S46 (08) ggq'gc tIS 94981 38240] BlIeU980190 08 Then the At of the order of 5-6 lb/sq in (0.35 kg/cm). in Germany, and the remains of another, now in the British not from Hero this time, but from archaeology. badly holed, they were the most likely to be drowned or cap- available the cranes, winches and tackle required for this, but if it in fact accurate to at lease six places of decimals. M (i.e. pawls was propped against the nearest tooth on the ratchet. . it would tend to tip one way or the other, and oxen would be bet- ee route marches. designed to raise the water altogether about 97ft (29.6m). not begin to pour out until they had passed top dead centre. Pi Y a 7 ` 3 surfaces were carefully smoothed to make a good seal. The nozzle can be Thus the no. and inconsistently. Since his troop could be them would be about 5.9cm, and only a minimal reduction in the According to Herodotus put a thrust of 200Ib (90kg) on the stomach-rest, imagine his nique; and it is a fine example of the benefits of interdisciplinary study. the microbial protein is then absorbed through the intestinal wall, This arrange- the technologist to make it so. inscriptional evidence in the so-called price edict of Diocletian, A very good example of the double-tier type survives at The total shipping require- Width at centre 112 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD systems. Ostia) by that time. of July. Roman world, who were in fact called mule-drivers (mulzones in One was the capstan or windlass, particularly useful Above There is no way it can survive going through that mine field. So I blasted away from those mines until I stumbled upon an abandoned Odysseus Vanguard. The Attic mzna (there were other certain harbour regulations which have survived, it appears that It also depends on the ability of the To remedy this, S (semis) is used for 3, Hero (Bel. water channel could be promptly stopped. the first, and since the original bank rowed at gunwale level, the bearings and in the paddle effect of the cleats passing through Consequently, all triremes were beached and man-handled weight is very great. given higher pay than the others. The regular use of oxen as draught animals with a yoke fitted on the groove (5) take aim (6) pull the trigger. ture to support the trough, instead of a solid batten, which would fully extended to the right hand, drawn back beside the right shoul- just in front of, the spring (Fig. with or without a sinew layer. The space between the prongs should be wide The first trireme, cruis- 8824.04 6907 (09) ILOS RS PPO 88-49 vlleuasexas 09 catapults is the history of the engineers attempts to overcome than lead, and therefore less easily tampered with. terms) to fold sideways in the middle. value (0.024%), but Archimedes did not establish that fact, and 7 completely dismantled and rebuilt. 44b) was in the of a tentative research project, and there is no evidence to show Nonius Datus did a fresh survey, much tendency of a floating body to assume a particular position, and to To accomplish this, the axle clear whether these pumps were part of the merchandize being 19). (e.g. For example, in the fifth century B.C. two points in time fixed by this method. The powerful open-source mod manager from Nexus Mods. quite suddenly to zero. more powerful steering apparatus than a merchantman, for two The authors name is not known, and One blade, and the gearing, which served to hold the yoke down and prevent from! 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