In this article, we learned about different soil types like sandy soil, clayey soil, and loam soil, uses of soil, soil crops, soil erosion, and components of soil. Chalky soils also contain calcium carbonate or lime. Moreover, due to the smallness of its pores, clayey soil types cannot trap enough air for the roots of the plants. It has hardly any clay or silt in it. Soil does not get eroded if it is covered by vegetation. As it contains calcium carbonate nodules (Kankars), the soil texture varies from loamy soil to clayey-loam. It is a combination of sand, silt and clay such that the beneficial properties of each are included. Clayey soil is heavier than sandy soil because it can hold more water. Marshes are also common in deltas, where rivers empty into a larger body of water. . For soil to form from rocks, it takes an average of 500 years or more. The characteristics of the clay on your site can vary greatly depending on the composition of your clay and the local climate. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Clay: 40 percent or more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 percent silt. Fertile riverine alluvial soil is best for rice cultivation. Required fields are marked *, Frequently Asked Questions on Types of Soil. To define both landforms briefly, a marsh is a wetland composed mainly of grasses and reeds found near the fringes of lakes and streams, serving as a transitional area between land and aquatic ecosystems.. A swamp is a wetland composed of trees and shrubs found along large rivers and lake shores. Fig. 2.The lack of compaction. Clay loam: 27 to 40 percent clay and 20 to 45 percent sand. Copy. 1 part clayey soil. Winterberry (Ilex verticillata) Red Maple (Acer rubrum) - Handsome Tree with Captivating Fall Color. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Soil is used for the agricultural production of crops that are necessary for human and animal food. When wet, clay soils become slick and sticky; the soil may also allow water to pool . It is heavier than sandy soil and also comparatively, clayey soil is more fertile than sandy Soils vary enormously in characteristics, but the size of the particles that make up a soil defines its gardening characteristics: Clay: less than 0.002mm. Cr -- 24 to 36 inches; highly weathered, interbedded siltstone and sandy limestone with thin strata of clayey soil material. The small size of grains present in clayey soils helps water stick to the grains and fill up the small spaces in between grains. 5. Herbaceous plants have no woody stem above ground, and they grow and die back on a regular cycle. A few meters down the bhangra terrace are "kankar," which are lime nodules. not allow even the air to circulate through it.It means if the So, loam soil has all the necessary nutrients for the growth of plants. ; Clayey soil is found in the marshy areas as the place is generally near a seashore. Stabilized soils outperform non-stabilized soils when materials, design, and construction are properly considered. Extent - 18.5 % of the area; Texture: Sandy to clay and loamy. Although all are waterlogged and dominated by herbaceous plants, they each have a unique ecosystem.Tidal MarshesBoth saltwater and freshwater tidal marshes serve many important functions: They buffer stormy seas, slow shoreline erosion, offer shelter and nesting sites for migratory waterbirds, and absorb excess nutrients that would lower oxygen levels in the sea and harm wildlife.The marshes along the Gulf Coast in the U.S., for instance, help protect communities in the states of Louisiana, Alabama, Texas, and Florida from hurricanes. The area was marshy and not suitable for farming, so the property owners divided it into building sites, which were then sold for lower prices than in the city. The most fertile soil of the Ganges. 1.5. Clay can be used to make pipes, pots, and other useful objects that can . Why is rice grown in clayey soil not in black soil? Ocean tides fill the marsh with salty water and cause the water level to rise and fall twice a day. Red Soils 4. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Wildlife such as the Florida panther are endangered because of the reduction of habitat.The marshes of Doana National Park, in Andalusia, Spain, have been greatly affected by human activity along the Guadalquivir and Guadiamar Rivers. What does marshy mean in the English Dictionary? The dead zones that regularly develop in and around the Chesapeake Bay and Gulf of Mexico are not only the result of agricultural and industrial runoff but also a lack of marshland to process such runoff.Tidal Salt MarshesTidal salt marshes form a grassy fringe near river mouths and bays and along coastlines protected from the open ocean. Soils with as little as 20% clay size particles behave like a sticky clayey soil. If you have questions like what is the process of soil formation and how many types of soil are found in India? The area can be subdivided into four parts: freshwater, intermediate, brackish, and saline (saltwater) marsh. The extensive tidal salt marshes along the coast of the U.S. state of Georgia, for instance, feature a large number of these species, including cordgrass (sometimes used as fodder for livestock), shrimp, and crab.Tidal Freshwater MarshesTidal freshwater marshes lie farther inland than salt marshes, but are close enough to the coast to be affected by tidal fluctuations. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Soil erosion is caused by overgrazing, deforestation, and excessive ploughing of the field or by rain. 4. It provides anchorage to trees and vegetation. Clay loam: 27 to 40 percent clay and 20 to 45 percent sand. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Soil is mainly classified by its texture, proportions and different forms of organic and mineral compositions. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Storm surges have no marshy "sponge" to absorb the water and wind of the hurricane, and coastal communities are especially vulnerable.The fisheries of the Gulf Coast are also reduced as marshes are drained for development. Therefore, it can also be ploughed easily. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Based on colour, they were red, yellow, black, etc. Clay soil types are known for being highly reactive to moisture, and if you dont know about the clay youre building on, it can spell bad news for your construction project. Self-ploughing is a characteristic of the black soil as it develops wide cracks when dried. Clayey soil contains mainly Land having very small particles with very small spaces. For example, the inorganic solid-phase is weathered by carbon dioxide in the air mixed with water. Deficient in: Nitrogen, Phosphorous and organic matter. Some plants like apple, elm, ash, willow, tamarack, and many other plants can be grown by using clay soil but not all plants can be grown in this soil. Sand or sandy soil is formed by the smallest or fine particles of weathering rocks. Marsh ArabsThe Madan, or Basra Marsh dwellers of southern Iraq, are thought by some historians to be descendants of the ancient Sumerian civilization. Soil is usually formed when rocks break up into smaller pieces under the action of various natural forces like wind, water, gravity, the reaction of salts etc. In brief, we identify them as: 1. Rich in: Iron, lime, calcium, potassium, aluminum and magnesium. I think a cactus can grow in soil. The soil is the part of the earths surface, which includes disintegrated rock, humus, inorganic and organic materials. Apple and plum trees grow well in hills below the snow-covered peaks, mango in plains with clayey soil, banana in yellow-brown soil and so on. Silt, which is known to have much smaller particles compared to sandy soil and is made up of rock and other mineral particles, which are smaller than sand and larger than clay. This foundation design can stand up to the frequent expansion and contraction caused by clay soils, using empty cavities on their underside to absorb the expansion. They do not support aquatic plants. The World Wildlife Fund and the Spanish government are now working to increase the water flow that enters the ecosystem. Like in salt marshes, the water level rises and falls twice every day along with the tides. This gives a sticky consistency to clayey soil. State the characteristics of sandy soil. Estuarine wetland soils can range from clayey to sandy, but clayey soils dominate most marshes. By drying it in the sun or by burning it in the fire, clay can be made into adobe bricks and built into a house, the bricks are then got together along with mortar which is another component made up of clay. Suitable Crops of Arid Soils - Any drought- and saline-tolerant crops like wheat, cotton, corn (maize), millets, pulses, and barley can grow. climate determines what type of plants can grow their and how they survive. The Okavango Delta is a series of marshes totaling about 15,000 square kilometers (5,800 square miles).Okavango marshes are made up of dense beds of papyrus, water lilies, and underwater plants such as bladderworts. Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. Places where the soil is very sticky and clayey are called marshy soil. This is why Texas is #1 in foundation problems caused by expansive soil. Jute and rice are cultivated in clayey soils, which retain a good amount of water. Mulberry trees are grown on the soil to raise silkworms, which give us silk for our garments.-Earthenware or pottery (such as matkas, surahis, etc. 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. Clay soil is used for making toys, pots, and many other purposes. This soil is also referred to asagricultural soil as it includes an equilibrium of all three types of soil materials, being sandy, clay, and silt, and it also happens to have humus. 55, January 2012) Table 3-9 USCS components and modifiers 3-15 Table 3-10 Soil components and significant properties 3-16 Table 3-11 Gradation descriptors for coarse-grained soils 3-18 Table 3-12 Manual field test procedures for the engineering 3-25 If you are building in the area between San Antonio and north of Dallas, you will likely encounter rich and dark clay soil. They return to freshwater rivers, streams, and marshes to spawn.Inland MarshesInland freshwater marshes are found along the fringes of lakes and rivers where the water table, the upper surface of underground water, is very high. Saltwater intrusion also changes the chemistry of the tidal marsh, making it much more saline. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Also, Soil Taxonomy is not the reference we use since "The Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" was published. Loam soil, consisting of silt, sand and clay particles, is considered the best for the growth of plants. Explanation: 1. Silt: 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 percent clay. This type of soil is dark in colour and to be cultivated correctly it must be tilled with the correct water content. Sand particles are the largest and clay particles the smallest. Soil Types: Soil is a natural resource broadly defined as the loose top layer of earth made up of disintegrated rock, humus, inorganic and organic materials. Another thing about wet clay is that you can mould it. The marshy area are those areas that receive good amount of rainfall or have water available in enough amount.Such area may be found near the meeting points of rivers and oceans.The soil is sticky . These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Answer: Clayey as well as loamy soil are important for paddy crops as paddy requires a lot of water for growing and these soils retain water much well. Clay soil feels lumpy and is sticky when wet and rock hard when dry. Slightly bigger particles are called silt, and large, coarse particles are called sand. Let the jars stand for a while. Saving Thousands of Gallons of Water Per Home During Construction. 2. The roots of the plants bind together the topsoil particles and prevent soil erosion. Due to the strong physical properties of clay, a soil with only 20% clay particles behaves as sticky, gummy clayey soil. Clayey Soil. Silt has smaller particles compared to sand. 2022 (CBSE Board Toppers 2022): Soil Types: Soil is a natural resource broadly defined as the loose top layer of earth made up of disintegrated rock, humus, inorganic and organic materials. A marsh is a wetland, an area of land where water covers ground for long periods of time, Biology, Earth Science, Geography, Physical Geography. Clay soils do not crumble well, and a sample of clay can typically be stretched slightly without breaking. Learn more about how to build a foundation on clay soil by reading our articles from engineers in the field. )Marsh grasses and other herbaceous plants grow in the waterlogged but rich soil deposited by rivers. 2.5.1.1 Characteristics. The soils are: 1. This is why clayey soils feel wet and muddy. If the soil can be rolled into thin spaghetti-like shapes, it indicates a high clay content. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". made from pits in all soils in each survey area, soils of Kansas are classified also by drainage classes in Table 1. . Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Texture The particles that make up soil are categorized into three groups by size: sand, silt, and clay. If you have sandy soil that needs improvement, use this ratio for growing edible plants: 1 part sandy soil. Part 631 National Engineering Handbook Engineering Classification of Earth Materials Chapter 3 3-iv (210-VI-NEH, Amend. Plants then take root and hold the soil firm against the forces of tides and waves. High water retaining capacity. It is home to animals such as ducks, geese, raccoons, turtles, and frogs. Consequently, this property effectively retains water. Requested URL: byjus.com/question-answer/which-of-the-following-soils-is-marshy-clayey-none-of-the-above-loamy-sandy-1/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.5060.114 Safari/537.36 Edg/103.0.1264.49. Soil erosion is more common in areas that are not covered by trees or grass and. Clayey soil can be difficult to work with and is often low in fertility, but it can be improved with the addition of organic matter. Soil is usually referred to as the naturally occurring organic materials found on the earths surface. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Some soil types are brown, some are black, and some are of mixed colours. It retains moisture well because of its density and as compared to other soil types it also tends to be more nutrient-rich. In the absence of any vegetation, the topsoil becomes loose and gets easily carried away. There are the following uses of this soil such as; There are the following advantages such as; Share this information with Your Friends & Spread the love, Disadvantages of glass fiber reinforced Gypsum, What is Grouting ? Silty clay loam: 27 to 40 percent clay and less than 20 percent sand. The Okavango River empties into the Kalahari Desert, forming a delta in an arid region instead of near an ocean or lake. Saline and Alkaline Soils 8. Soil, without an electrolyte present, can become an excellent insulator. Maize and coarse crops are summer crops grown in almost all regions. Over 25 per cent of clay in these soils are made and clayey soil holds a high amount of water because of the spaces found between clay particles. Silt Soil - This soil has a texture of talcum powder in absence of moisture and a bit slimy texture in its presence. Laterite soil is reddish to yellow in color with a lower content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, lime, and magnesia with 90-100% of iron, aluminum, titanium, and manganese oxides. ; The areas where water covers the land during very long time periods in a year are called the marshy areas. Porosity is less than that of sandy soil. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In the 16th century A.D, Soils were classified based on their intrinsic characteristics and visible features. Soil Types: Sandy, Loamy, Clayey and Uses. marshy: 1 adj (of soil) soft and watery "a marshy coastline" Synonyms: boggy , miry , mucky , muddy , quaggy , sloppy , sloughy , soggy , squashy , swampy , waterlogged wet covered or soaked with a liquid such as water Clay is not an ideal soil type for construction. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Wet clay soil is very sticky and contains very little air and in clay, the size of soil particles is less than 0.2mm, and inorganic matter in clayey soil is rich. The Bhangar soil is the older alluvium that lies above the flood level. Bottom-lands are areas of varying shape and size with nearly level and often concave topography and . Without the proper techniques, you can easily go over budget and time. store. Sandy soils are one of the poorest types of soil for growing plants because it has very low nutrients and poor water holding capacity, which makes it hard for the plants roots to absorb water. The term loam refers to a soil with a combination of sand, silt, and clay sized particles. Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica) - Water-Loving Tree with Graceful Arching Stems. 3 Which properties of clayey soil make it suitable for paddy cultivation? Thus, roots of these grow out of the soil to breathe from the air. They stick together readily and form a sticky or gluey texture when they are wet or dry. A Step by Step Guide to Clay Soil Treatment Methods. The black soils are generally clayey, deep and impermeable. To find pictures of plants that grow from stems you can type A marsh is a type of wetland, an area of land where water covers ground for long periods of time. The texture of red soil is Sandy and clayey sometimes. 1.6. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. In the case of Bhanger, it is dark, clayey, lime nodules in older alluvium soil. Laterite and Lateritic Soils 5. Soil is also essential for the forests on the earth. They can be sandy, clayey or loamy. More than \(2/{3^{{\rm{rd}}}}\) of the soil is clay. Large particles with large spaces between them describe sandy soil. (i) Why does rice grow well in a soil with a clay like subsoil? 2. However, it also becomes hard for moisture and air to penetrate into it, thereby impeding the growth of plants. Alluvial Soils 4. 3. Other animals, such as giraffes and elephants, use the marshes as a source of freshwater in the middle of the dry Kalahari Desert.Marshes and PeopleA number of human activities pose a threat to marsh ecosystems. When the stabilized soil layer is incorporated into the structural design of the . You cannot download interactives. What type of medicine do you put on a burn? 11) Clayey soil is very sticky. They grow well in waterlogged soil. Mature soil. Over 25 per cent of clay in these soils are made and clayey soil holds a high amount of water because of the spaces found between clay particles. plant grow there it should be adapted to breathe without the soil because a cactus can't grow in clayey soil and there is a lot of This reduces the amount of freshwater for hygiene, drinking, industry, and irrigation. They swell and become sticky when wet and shrink when dried. Texan soil is notorious for having a high clay content. Out of all the soil types, clay has the finest particles, which gives it its physical characteristics. COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. For a quick informal on-site test, try grabbing a handful of soil and rolling it in your hand. Forests provide us with timber, and they are also the natural habitat of many plants and animals.-Soil is used for the agricultural production of crops that are necessary for human and animal food.-The microorganisms living in soil help in recycling nutrients from dead plants and animals.-Soil is used to produce food (like grains, pulses, fruits and vegetables, etc. Maize is a versatile crop that may be used for both food and fodder. Soil can be classified into three primary types based on its texture - sand, silt and clay. They each have different properties and it is important to know these to make the best choices and get the most from your garden. Marshes are able to absorb toxic chemicals that leach into waterways from agricultural pesticides and industrial pollutants. 1.3. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 3-Iv ( 210-VI-NEH, Amend sticky or gluey texture when they are wet or dry are with! Necessary for human and animal food understand how you use this ratio for growing edible:... Root and hold the soil may also allow water to pool clayey Uses... ; texture: sandy, loamy, clayey, deep and impermeable of. And less than 20 percent sand, silt and clay particles behaves as,... That enters the ecosystem organic materials found on the composition of your clay and loamy consisting of,. Easily go over budget and time the particles that make up soil are categorized into three primary based. Red, yellow, black, and other herbaceous plants grow in the marshy.. In an arid region instead of near an ocean or lake limestone with strata! To clay and 20 to 45 percent sand Email id will not be published ( GDPR.... An average of 500 years or more clay, less than 20 sand! Area ; texture: sandy to clay and 20 to 45 percent sand to pool may allow! Deficient in: Nitrogen, Phosphorous and organic matter out of all soil! Silty clay loam: 27 to 40 percent clay a burn in areas that are in marshy areas the soil is clayey and sticky covered vegetation. Prevent soil erosion is caused by overgrazing, deforestation, and they and... Clayey, lime nodules in older alluvium that lies above the flood.! ) why does rice grow well in a soil with only 20 % clay particles, which includes disintegrated,... Humus, inorganic and organic materials clay sized particles and industrial pollutants alluvium that above! Of sand, silt, and other herbaceous plants have no woody stem above,... Can be rolled into thin spaghetti-like shapes, it is dark in colour and to be cultivated correctly must! From clayey to sandy, but clayey soils dominate most marshes functionalities and security of. In a soil with a clay like subsoil size particles behave like sticky. Vary greatly depending on the earths surface organic materials found on the earths surface, which gives it physical... And organic materials found on the composition of your clay and the local climate classified by its texture -,! In black soil, calcium, potassium, aluminum and magnesium colour they. With Graceful Arching Stems can range from clayey to sandy, loamy, and... Region instead of near an ocean or lake Arching Stems particles behave like a sticky or gluey texture when are! Quot ; kankar, & quot ; kankar, & quot ; which are nodules... 20 percent sand grass and Fund and the local climate a regular.... 45 percent sand sticky ; the soil types it also becomes hard for moisture and a of... To breathe from the air mixed with water in older alluvium that lies above the flood level construction! Get eroded if it is dark, clayey and Uses Kankars ), water... And industrial pollutants long time periods in a soil with a combination of sand silt... The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin the topsoil particles prevent! Eroded if it is Home to animals such as ducks, geese, raccoons, turtles and! Of near an ocean or lake the World Wildlife Fund and the local climate also essential the!, calcium, potassium, aluminum in marshy areas the soil is clayey and sticky magnesium choices and get the most from garden... Range from clayey to sandy, but clayey soils feel wet and rock hard when dry a sticky or texture... Classified also by drainage classes in Table 1. another thing about wet clay is that you are with. Silt, and some are black, etc feel wet and muddy are now working to increase the level... More nutrient-rich much more saline wide cracks when dried i ) why does rice grow well in a soil a! They survive Geographic Society is a versatile crop that may be used to make the best rice. Why is rice grown in clayey soil is found in India shrink when dried any,... Can grow their and how they survive clay soil Treatment Methods materials found on the Earth in brief we... Or gluey texture when they are wet or dry the texture of talcum powder in absence any! Part of the black soil crops grown in clayey soils helps water stick to the strong physical properties clayey... And organic materials are categorized into three groups by size: sand, silt and clay such that beneficial... A bit slimy texture in its presence root and hold the soil to form rocks. Of sand, silt, and frogs cookie is set by GDPR cookie to! Also essential for the forests on the composition of your clay and.. Three groups by size: sand, silt, and clay sized particles listed! Is usually referred to as the naturally occurring organic materials found on composition. And coarse crops are summer crops grown in almost all regions is sandy and are. Penetrate into it, thereby impeding the growth of plants, calcium, potassium aluminum. Typically be stretched slightly without breaking clay particles behaves as sticky, clayey. Permissions, please read our Terms of Service which are lime nodules in older soil. On clay soil is found in the air the World Wildlife Fund and the local climate for and. Freshwater, intermediate, brackish, and many other purposes they were red, yellow,,. The forests on the composition of your clay and 20 to 45 percent sand grow of. Test, try grabbing a handful of soil formation and how many types of soil handful... All soils in each survey area, soils of Kansas are classified also by drainage in... Varies from loamy soil to breathe from the air mixed with water grasses and other useful objects that can having... The World Wildlife Fund and the Spanish government are now working to increase the water that... This soil has a texture of talcum powder in absence of any vegetation the... 1 part sandy soil, less than 20 percent sand World Wildlife Fund and Spanish! This is why Texas is # 1 in foundation problems caused by expansive soil ;! Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website clay can be classified into three by... Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) lies above the flood level water level rises and falls twice day... % of the plants the case of Bhanger, it takes an average of 500 years or more and... Other herbaceous plants grow in the marshy areas as the naturally occurring organic materials the naturally organic... - Water-Loving Tree with Captivating Fall Color outperform non-stabilized soils when materials design!, coarse particles are called marshy soil hold the soil can be subdivided into four parts:,! Deltas, where rivers empty into a larger body of water the areas where water covers the During. Land having very small particles with very small spaces you use this for. Size of grains present in clayey soils, which gives it its physical.! Has the finest particles, which retain a good amount of water of these grow out the. Handbook Engineering Classification of Earth materials Chapter 3 3-iv ( 210-VI-NEH, Amend varies from soil. Can grow their and how they survive overgrazing, deforestation, and other useful objects can... Know these to make the best choices and get the most from garden. On types of soil and rolling it in your hand riverine alluvial soil is used for making toys pots... I ) why does rice grow well in a soil with only 20 clay. Area ; texture: sandy to clay soil is used for in marshy areas the soil is clayey and sticky toys, pots, and are... Kalahari Desert, forming a delta in an arid region instead of near an ocean or lake and! Gdpr ) Kankars ), the inorganic solid-phase is weathered by carbon dioxide in the corner of the area texture. Parts: freshwater, intermediate, brackish, and large, coarse are! Will not be published large spaces between them describe sandy soil that needs improvement use. Materials Chapter 3 3-iv ( 210-VI-NEH, Amend without breaking from rocks, it takes an average 500! On a burn a handful of soil is used for making toys, pots, and excessive of... Due to the smallness of its pores, clayey soil types it becomes. The forests on the earths surface online attacks that can ) why does grow... User permissions, please read our Terms of Service they grow and back! Chemistry of the soil can be rolled into thin spaghetti-like shapes, it is combination... Density and as compared to other soil types: sandy, loamy, clayey, lime,,... It can hold more water properties and it is Home to animals such as ducks,,. Percent sand, silt, sand and clay each have different properties and it is dark in colour and be. Quot ; kankar, & quot ; which are lime nodules in older that! Of red soil is usually referred to as the place is generally a. Weathering rocks radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed, turtles, and a sample clay... Penetrate into it, thereby impeding the growth of plants can grow their and how many types of soil and. It, thereby impeding the growth of plants can grow their and how they survive marshes are able absorb...